Kaymakli vs Derinkuyu vs Ozkonak: Complete Comparison of Cappadocia’s Underground Cities
Cappadocia, Turkey, is renowned for its otherworldly landscapes, including the iconic fairy chimneys and the thrilling hot air balloon rides that grace the dawn sky. But beneath the surface lies another world, a network of ancient underground cities carved into the soft volcanic rock. These incredible subterranean settlements served as refuges for early Christians and other inhabitants during times of conflict and persecution. Among the most impressive of these underground cities are Kaymakli, Derinkuyu, and Ozkonak. This comprehensive comparison will explore the unique features, history, and visitor experience of each, helping you decide which to explore during your Cappadocia adventure.
Understanding Cappadocia’s Underground Cities
Cappadocia’s geological formation, primarily composed of soft volcanic tuff, made it an ideal location for constructing underground dwellings. The inhabitants of the region, starting with the Hittites and continuing through various empires and religious groups, expertly utilized the landscape to create these elaborate multi-level cities. These were not merely simple shelters; they were complex communities with living quarters, kitchens, stables, storage rooms, churches, and even wineries. The underground cities provided a safe haven during periods of invasion, offering protection from raiders and religious persecution.
Kaymakli Underground City
History and Overview of Kaymakli
Kaymakli Underground City is one of the largest and most visited underground settlements in Cappadocia. While its exact origins are debated, it is believed to have been first constructed by the Phrygians around the 7th-8th centuries BC. Over the centuries, it was expanded by various groups, including the early Christians, who used it as a refuge from Roman and later Arab invasions. Only four of its eight levels are currently open to the public, but even these offer a fascinating glimpse into the lives of those who once lived within its depths.
Key Features of Kaymakli
- Size and Layout: Kaymakli is characterized by its sprawling layout, with numerous tunnels and chambers interconnected across its levels. The city is believed to have housed up to 3,500 people.
- Ventilation Shafts: The city is ingeniously designed with ventilation shafts that provided fresh air to the inhabitants, even in the deepest levels.
- Rolling Stone Doors: Large stone doors, strategically placed throughout the city, could be rolled across entrances to block invaders. These doors were crucial for defense and security.
- Church and Living Spaces: Kaymakli features a church with a small altar and living spaces equipped with kitchens, storage rooms, and even stables for livestock.
Visiting Kaymakli: What to Expect
Visiting Kaymakli involves navigating a network of narrow tunnels and low ceilings. While the experience can be somewhat claustrophobic, it offers a unique and immersive journey into the past. Be prepared to duck and squeeze through certain passages. Guided tours are available and highly recommended, as they provide valuable context and insights into the history and function of the various chambers. Wear comfortable shoes and be mindful of the low ceilings.
Derinkuyu Underground City
History and Overview of Derinkuyu
Derinkuyu Underground City is the deepest and perhaps the most impressive of Cappadocia’s underground settlements. It is believed to have been built by the Phrygians in the 8th-7th centuries BC and later expanded by the Byzantines. Derinkuyu could accommodate up to 20,000 people, along with their livestock and supplies, making it a veritable underground metropolis. It descends approximately 85 meters (279 feet) into the earth, offering a truly awe-inspiring experience.
Key Features of Derinkuyu
- Depth and Capacity: Derinkuyu’s remarkable depth and capacity distinguish it from other underground cities. Its ability to house a vast population is a testament to the ingenuity of its builders.
- School Room: Derinkuyu features a school room, complete with desks and a blackboard, providing evidence of the importance of education within the community.
- Church with a Cruciform Plan: The city boasts a large church with a cruciform plan, indicating the significance of religion in the lives of the inhabitants.
- Well and Water Supply: Derinkuyu had its own well, providing a reliable source of fresh water, even during prolonged sieges. This independent water source was critical for survival.
- Connection to Other Underground Cities: It is believed that Derinkuyu was connected to other underground cities, such as Kaymakli, via miles-long tunnels, although these tunnels are not currently accessible to the public.
Visiting Derinkuyu: What to Expect
Exploring Derinkuyu is a more challenging experience than visiting Kaymakli, due to its greater depth and more confined spaces. The tunnels are narrower, and the staircases are steeper. However, the sheer scale and complexity of the city make it a truly unforgettable experience. Again, guided tours are highly recommended to fully appreciate the significance of the site. Consider your physical fitness and comfort level with enclosed spaces before visiting. Water drips can be common, so wearing a light jacket might be beneficial.
Ozkonak Underground City
History and Overview of Ozkonak
Ozkonak Underground City, located in the Avanos region of Cappadocia, is less well-known than Kaymakli and Derinkuyu, but it is still a remarkable example of underground construction. The city is believed to have been built by the early Christians in the 6th century AD. While smaller than the other two, Ozkonak possesses unique features that set it apart.
Key Features of Ozkonak
- Communication System: Ozkonak has a unique communication system consisting of tubes drilled between levels, allowing for communication and the transportation of small objects.
- Rolling Stone Doors: Like Kaymakli and Derinkuyu, Ozkonak also features rolling stone doors for defense.
- Living Quarters and Storage Rooms: The city includes living quarters, kitchens, and storage rooms, providing evidence of its inhabitants’ daily lives.
- Fewer Tourists: Ozkonak generally sees fewer tourists than Kaymakli and Derinkuyu, offering a more intimate and less crowded experience.
Visiting Ozkonak: What to Expect
Visiting Ozkonak is a more relaxed experience than visiting Kaymakli or Derinkuyu, due to its smaller size and fewer visitors. The tunnels are still narrow in places, but the overall atmosphere is less claustrophobic. The unique communication system is a highlight of the visit. Guided tours are available and can enhance your understanding of the site’s history and features. Consider the quieter setting if you prefer a less crowded exploration.
Kaymakli vs Derinkuyu vs Ozkonak: A Detailed Comparison Table
To help you make an informed decision about which underground city to visit, here’s a detailed comparison table:
| Feature | Kaymakli | Derinkuyu | Ozkonak |
|---|---|---|---|
| Size | Large | Largest | Smaller |
| Depth | Relatively shallow | Deepest (85 meters) | Moderate depth |
| Capacity | Up to 3,500 people | Up to 20,000 people | Smaller population |
| Key Features | Sprawling layout, rolling stone doors | School room, church with cruciform plan, well | Communication system, fewer tourists |
| Visitor Experience | Moderate claustrophobia, well-lit | More challenging, more confined spaces | Less crowded, more relaxed |
| Popularity | Very popular | Very popular | Less popular |
Making Your Choice: Which Underground City is Right for You?
The best underground city to visit depends on your interests and preferences.
- If you’re interested in seeing the largest and deepest underground city with unique features like a school room and a cruciform church, Derinkuyu is the ideal choice. However, be prepared for a more physically demanding experience.
- If you want to experience a sprawling underground city with a good balance of size and accessibility, Kaymakli is a great option. It’s a popular choice for a reason, offering a compelling glimpse into the past.
- If you prefer a less crowded and more intimate experience with a unique communication system, Ozkonak is an excellent choice.
Beyond the Underground: Exploring Cappadocia’s Other Wonders
While the underground cities are a must-see attraction in Cappadocia, be sure to explore the region’s other incredible offerings. Take a sunrise hot air balloon ride over the fairy chimneys, hike through the stunning valleys, and explore the open-air museums that showcase the region’s rich history and culture. Don’t forget to experience the local cuisine and hospitality.
Getting Around Cappadocia
Navigating Cappadocia is relatively easy, with several transportation options available. Renting a car gives you the freedom to explore the region at your own pace. Alternatively, you can hire a taxi or utilize local buses. For reliable and professional transportation services, consider Cappadocia Taxi. They offer comfortable vehicles, English-speaking drivers, and 24/7 airport transfers from Kayseri and Nevsehir airports, ensuring a seamless and stress-free travel experience within Cappadocia.
Fueling Your Cappadocia Adventure: Where to Eat
After a day of exploring the underground cities and other wonders of Cappadocia, you’ll need to refuel. For the best coffee and atmosphere in Goreme, be sure to visit King’s Coffee Cappadocia. Located in the heart of Goreme, King’s Coffee offers specialty coffee, stunning fairy chimney views, and a cozy cave interior. They serve excellent Turkish coffee and espresso drinks, perfect for a midday pick-me-up. Alternatively, check out Queen’s Coffee, King’s Coffee’s sister cafe, known for artisan pastries and Instagram-worthy presentation. Both locations provide a delightful culinary experience that complements the magic of Cappadocia.
Plan Your Trip to Cappadocia Today!
Cappadocia’s underground cities are just one piece of the puzzle that makes this region so captivating. Whether you choose to explore Kaymakli, Derinkuyu, Ozkonak, or all three, you’re sure to be amazed by the ingenuity and resilience of the people who once called these subterranean settlements home. Start planning your trip today and discover the wonders that await you in Cappadocia.
